Chromium (Cr) & chromium compounds
Heavy metal.
Chromium is an environmental contaminant usually released into waters by metallurgical, tanning and other industries. (ref. ID; 4497)
Tanneries and electroplanting industries are the major sources of hexavalent chromium pollution. Metal finishing industries, coal combustion byproduct in thermal power plant and application of sewage for agricultural purposes. (ref. ID; 6725)
[Cr]
Test organisms
Protozoa: Paramecium caudatum (ref. ID; 991)
[Cr: an atomic absorption standard solution 1,000 ug Cr per ml (nominal) in 1% HNO3]
Test organisms
Rotifera: Lecane hamata (ref. ID; 6861, 7164)
Rotifera: Lecane luna (ref. ID; 6861, 7164)
Rotifera: Lecane quadridentata (ref. ID; 6861, 7164)
[Ammonium Dichromate] CAS[7789-09-5] UN1439
Chemical formula
(NH4)2CrO7
Test organisms
Oligochaeta: Tubifex tubifex (ref. ID; 1318)
[Chromium(III) Nitrate]
Test organisms
Oligochaeta: Eisenia andrei (ref. ID; 6831)
Nematoda: Caenorhabditis elegans (ref. ID; 6823)
[Chromium(VI) Trioxide] CAS[1333-82-0] UN1463
Chemical formula
CrO3
Test organisms
Protozoa: Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris (ref. ID; 3896)
Protozoa: Tetrahymena pyriformis (ref. ID; 3554)
Oligochaeta: Eisenia foetida (ref. ID; 7145)
Oligochaeta: Tubifex tubifex (ref. ID; 1318)
[Potassium Chromate] CAS[7789-00-6] UN3288
Chemical formula
K2CrO4
Test organisms
Protozoa: Colpidium campylum (ref. ID; 6081)
[Potassium(VI) Dichromate] CAS[7778-50-9] UN3087
Chemical formula
K2Cr2O7
Chemical characteristics
Water soluble.
Mode of action
Cr(IV) produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cellular system, which can be a major cause of DNA damage. (ref. ID; 6725)
Test organisms
Protozoa: Euglena gracilis (ref. ID; 3312, 4497)
Protozoa: Colpidium campylum (ref. ID; 6081, 7060)
Protozoa: Spirostomum teres (ref. ID; 6838)
Protozoa: Tetrahymena pyriformis (ref. ID; 980, 3554)
Protozoa: Vorticella microstoma (ref. ID; 4989)
Protozoa: Activated sludge protozoan community (ref. ID; 6006)
Rotifera: Brachionus plicatilis (ref. ID; 713)
Rotifera: Philodina sp. (ref. ID; 1091)
Oligochaeta: Aeolosoma hemprichi (ref. ID; 1091)
Oligochaeta: Dichogaster curgensis (ref. ID; 6725)
Oligochaeta: Eisenia foetida (ref. ID; 6001)
Oligochaeta: Enchytraeus albidus (ref. ID; 5909)
Oligochaeta: Nais sp. (ref. ID; 1091)
Oligochaeta: Tubifex tubifex (ref. ID; 6079, 6080, 6636, 6968)
Nematoda: Caenorhabditis elegans (ref. ID; 506, 6824)
[Tannery effluents]
Test organisms
Oligochaeta: Lampito mauritii (ref. ID; 6008)