Allolobophora
- Allolobophora sp.
- Allolobophora caliginosa
- Allolobophora chlorotica
- Allolobophora longa
- Allolobophora rosea
- Allolobophora tuberculata
[ref. ID; 6933]
Test system
Sampling site
Worms were collected from the Huagong Bridge, Longwan Bridge, Wastewater treatment plant and Daochi Village.
The study area is the Huludao City, a heavily polluted region by chlor-alkali and nonferrous metal smelting industry in Liaoning Province, northeast China.
Toxicants
Total and methyl mercury.
Measurements/observations
Body length. Total and methyl mercury contents in soil, earthworms, and earthworm vomitus.
Evaluations
Bioaccumulation factor.
[ref. ID; 5990]
Test design
The heavy metal concentrations of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc in earthworms and soil from the border of a road.
Samples
Samples were collected in a meadow located at the border of a hairpin bend next to Osebe (U.T.M. 29TNH34) in the arterial road 550 and which bore traffic of about 10,000-15,000 vehicles a day.
Sampling method
Earthworms were collected from the soil by digging and handsorting.
Measurements
Concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn in soil and earthworm tissue.
[ref. ID; 5997]
Test design
The heavy metal concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium in earthworms and soil from pasture near the Avonmouth smelter (Severnside near Bristol, England).
Samples
Soil and earthworms were taken from two sites. The first site was permanent pasture at Severnside, 4 km from the smelting works. The second site was an apple orchard at Long Ashton at a distance of 9.3 km from the smelter.
Sampling
The formalin method (Raw, 1959) was used to extract the earthworms from the soil for population estimates and metal determinations. Each worm sample consisted of the number emerging in a 0.25 m2 quadrat and ten samples were taken at each site.
Measurements
Concentration of lead, zinc and cadmium in worms tissues were estimated by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
[ref. ID; 6086]
Test system
The effect of calcium concentration on cadmium accumulation of two earthworms
Strains
Lumbricus rubellus and Allolobophora caliginosa were collected at Keele, Staffs.
Toxicants
Cadmium (5 ppm).
Test design
The earthworms were placed in glass jars containing filter paper (Whatman No.1, 24 cm) for 21 days at 15 degrees, in the dark. At the end of the experimental period the filter paper was removed and the earthworms left for a further 5 days in contact with a small volume of cadmium solution.
Measurements
Cadmium concentration of earthworm tissues.
[ref. ID; 6850]
Test system
The use of acid insoluble residue as a marker fraction in the soil
Strains
Lumbricus terrestris, Allolobophora longa, Allolobophora caliginosa, Allolobophora chlorotica were collected from the soil in Rothamsted Park. Eisenia foetida was collected from cattle manure. Mature, clitellate individuals for experimental use.
Toxicants
Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb.
Soil sampling site; 4 soils (Frongoch, Ystwyth, Shipham, Broek Polder).
Test design
Groups of each species of earthworm were placed on separate subsamples of each soil. A ratio of approximately 5 g (live weight) Of earthworms to 600 g (air dry weight) of soil. Experimental period 15 days. Temperature 15 degrees C.
- Whole worm: Immediately after removal from the soil, earthworms were rinsed in distilled water, killed by oven drying at 85 degrees C to constant weight. These 'whole worm' samples comprised both earthworm tissue and soil within the alimentary canal.
- Dissected worm: Earthworms were dissected along the entire length of the alimentary canal which was rinsed free of soil with distilled water before being oven dried at 85 degrees C to constant weight.
- Starved worm: Earthworms were placed in clean petri dishes at 100% humidity (a few millilitres of distilled water) for 48 hr (transferred to clean petri dishes after the first 24 hr). All soil egested by the earthworms during the 48 hr period was collected, dried and analysed for acid insoluble residue. Earthworms which had been starved for 48 h were rinsed in distilled water, killed by oven drying at 85 degrees C to constant weight.
Measurements/observations
Heavy metals and AIR concentration in earthworm tissue.
Endogenic species.
[ref. ID; 1433]
Test system
Worm sampling site
- (i) The roadside verges of the A660 road in Leeds, West Yorkshire.
- (ii) The roadside verges of the A1 road in West Yorkshire.
- (iii) The verges of a service road through the University of Leeds farm (Spen Lane), at a site 300 m from the site by the A1 road.
- (iv) A city recreational area of deciduous woodland in Leeds (the Ridge), situated near a number of industrial sites.
- (v) A control site at Glen Sheilach, Oban, Scotland.
Measurements
Amounts of cadmium, lead, copper and iron in samples.
[ref. ID; 5992]
Test system
Heavy metal concentrations in the tissues, ingesta and faeces
Sampling site
Earthworms were collected by formalin extraction (20L, 0.55%) from five separate 1 m2 sites situated on a longitudinal transect across the Cefn Parc Pb and Zn-mine, South Wales (O.S. grid ref. = ST 048822).
Test design
Earthworms were starved on moistened filter paper for 4 days by which time the alimentary canal was clear of ingested soil material. Animals were wet oxidized with concentrated (16N) "Analar" nitric acid, and analysed for Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Measurements/observations
Dry weight and tissue metal concentration of worms, metal concentrations of ingesta (crop contents) and egesta (faeces).
[ref. ID; 5994]
Test system
Effect of urbanization on earthworm community
Study sites
The study was carried out in Brussels, Belgium. A transect was demarcated along heavily trafficked streets running from the city centre to the suburbs, in which a decreasing gradient of urbanization was predicted. Within the transect, six public parks were chosen for the study.
Sampling method
Earthworms were extracted by an electrical octet method (Thielemann, 1986).
Measurements/observations
Average density and biomass of earthworms at individual sites, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg concentrations of worms.
[ref. ID; 5997]
Test system
Test design
The heavy metal concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium in earthworms and soil from pasture near the Avonmouth smelter (Severnside near Bristol, England).
Samples
Soil and earthworms were taken from two sites. The first site was permanent pasture at Severnside, 4 km from the smelting works. The second site was an apple orchard at Long Ashton at a distance of 9.3 km from the smelter.
Sampling method
The formalin method (Raw, 1959) was used to extract the earthworms from the soil for population estimates and metal determinations. Each worm sample consisted of the number emerging in a 0.25 m2 quadrat and ten samples were taken at each site.
Measurements
Concentration of lead, zinc and cadmium in worms tissues were estimated by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
[ref. ID; 6066]
Test system
Acute toxicity test (14-d), prolonged toxicity test (6-8 weeks), and field test (4 yr)
Strains
Field captured adult worm.
Toxicants
E 605 forte (active ingredient: parathion), Unden flussing (active ingredient: propoxur)
Test design
- Acute toxicity test: OECD-guideline No. 207, Temperature 20 degrees C.
- Prolonged toxicity test: Temperature 20 degrees C.
Run 1. [Soil surface contamination]: Test substances (Parathion: a normal application rate of 210 ml ha-1 and a 10-fold overdose, Propoxur: a normal applicaion rate of 900 ml ha-1) were homogeneously sprayed on the soil surface of test boxes containing 2 kg (dry wt) of artificial soil 20 individuals of E. fetida.
Run 2. [Soil total contamination]: The amount of test substance (20 times the normal rate used in agricultural applications) according to the surface of the test box was mixed into the soil homogeneously.
- Field test: An orchard without pesticide treatments for the last 4 yr was for field studies. Size of test plots was 14x14 m with 2 m wide guard rows. Each treatment was replicated four times and compared to untreated control plots. (Parathion: normal rate of 210 ml ha-1, propoxur: normal rate of 900 ml ha-1).
Measurements/observations
- Acute toxicity test: Mortility.
- Prolonged toxicity test: Live weight and reproduction.
- Field test: Mean earthworm abundance and biomass.
Evaluations
- Acute toxicity test: LC50.
- Prolonged toxicity test: Multiple t-test by Tukey.
[ref. ID; 6713]
Test system
Flooding response
Strains
- For pot experiment: From a moist grassland soil near Drachten, in the northern part of the Netjerlnads.
- For another experiment: From the 'Afferdensche en Deetsche Waarden'(ADW), a floodplain system along the river Rhine, in the central part of the Netherlands.
Toxicants
Zinc, cadmium, copper.
Flooded soil: Soil was collected from the top 0-10 cm horizon in an 'Afferdensche en Deetsche Waarden'(ADW).
Test design
Pot experiment: 44 plastic flowerpots (18 cm diameter, height 18.5 cm) 100 mg kg-1 zinc (Zn(NO3)/3H2O), 5 mg kg-1 cadmium (Cd(NO3)/4H2O), 20 mg kg-1 copper (Cu(NO3)2/3H2O). On top of the soil, grass (Lolium perenne) was sown. At 12 degrees C with continuous light, during 42 days. In the flooded treatments, the water level was raised to 5 cm water above the soil surface.
- Run 1: Polluted combined with flooded soils + A. caliginosa 8 N and L. rubellus 3 N.
- Run 2: Non-polluted combined with flooded soils + A. caliginosa 5 N, L. rubellus 3 N, and A. chlorotica 3 N.
- Run 3: Polluted combined with non-flooded soils + A. caliginosa 8 N and L. rubellus 3 N.
- Run 4: Non-polluted combined with non-flooded soils + A. caliginosa 5 N, L. rubellus 3 N, and A. chlorotica 3 N.
Moisture preference experiment: 8 glass aquaria (31 cm x 19 cm x 20 cm) were dividing five equal compartments with four Perspex partitions (height 13 cm). The aquaria were filled to a depth 11 cm with field soil at different moisture contents (35%, 45% (field capacity), 55%, 65% (saturated), 65%+ (saturated and an extra water layer) w/w). At 12 degrees C with continuous light, during 9 days.
- Run 1: A. caliginosa 5 N (3 N adult + 2 N juveniles, FW 1.69 +/- 0.21 g per compertment)
- Run 2: L. rubellus 5 N (3 N adult + 2 N juveniles, FW 1.28 +/- 0.12 g per compertment)
- Run 3: A. chlorotica 3 N (2 N adult + 1 N juveniles, FW 0.51 +/- 0.08 g per compertment)
Health experiment: 40 small plastic buckets (diameter 12 cm, height 14 cm) were filled with 0.7 cm3 field soil. Two adult of each of the species A. caliginosa, L. rubellus and A. chlorotica added to each bucket (moisture content (35%, 45%, 55%, 65%, and 65%+). At 12 degrees C with 12 hr light, during 42 days.
Measurements/observations
Worm number and weight.
[ref. ID; 6745]
Test system
Metal bioaccumulation
Floodplain site
Three sites along the rivers Nieuwe Merwede and Waal. The sites are located on gradually sloping riverbands, and are subjected to periodic inundation.
Collection organisms
Collection was random within the 10 x 10 m plot. At least 5 individuals of each pedo-ecological group were taken. After taking to the laboratory, the earthworms were allowed to defaecate on wet filter paper for 48 hr. Wet weights were determined, followed by storage in freezer at -18 degrees C until analyses.
Measurements/observations
As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ca concentration in earthworms.
[ref. ID; 6850]
Test system
The use of acid insoluble residue as a marker fraction in the soil
Strains
Lumbricus terrestris, Allolobophora longa, Allolobophora caliginosa, Allolobophora chlorotica were collected from the soil in Rothamsted Park. Eisenia foetida was collected from cattle manure. Mature, clitellate individuals for experimental use.
Toxicants
Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb.
Soil sampling site; 4 soils (Frongoch, Ystwyth, Shipham, Broek Polder).
Test design
Groups of each species of earthworm were placed on separate subsamples of each soil. A ratio of approximately 5 g (live weight) Of earthworms to 600 g (air dry weight) of soil. Experimental period 15 days. Temperature 15 degrees C.
- Whole worm: Immediately after removal from the soil, earthworms were rinsed in distilled water, killed by oven drying at 85 degrees C to constant weight. These 'whole worm' samples comprised both earthworm tissue and soil within the alimentary canal.
- Dissected worm: Earthworms were dissected along the entire length of the alimentary canal which was rinsed free of soil with distilled water before being oven dried at 85 degrees C to constant weight.
- Starved worm: Earthworms were placed in clean petri dishes at 100% humidity (a few millilitres of distilled water) for 48 hr (transferred to clean petri dishes after the first 24 hr). All soil egested by the earthworms during the 48 hr period was collected, dried and analysed for acid insoluble residue. Earthworms which had been starved for 48 hr were rinsed in distilled water, killed by oven drying at 85 degrees C to constant weight.
Measurements/observations
Heavy metals and AIR concentration in earthworm tissue.
[ref. ID; 6891]
Test system
Standarization of test methods for acute and sublethal effects of chemicals
Strains
From an uncontaminated orchard.
Toxicants
Dimethoate, copper, and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate.
Test design
An important difference between the two test soils is the organic C content. The OECD artifical soil (OECD, 1984) consists of 70% quartz sand, 20% kaolin clay, 10% sphagnum peat and calcium carbonate to adjust the pH to 6.0 +/- 0.5. The organic C content is about 5.8%. The LUFA 2.2 soil is a commercially-available (LUFA Speyer, Germany) natural sandy soil with a pH of 5.8 and an organic C content of 2.3%.
- Acute toxicity test: According to OECD guideline no. 207 (OECD, 1984).
- Reproduction toxicity test: The test substance was mixed homogeneously with 500 g (dry wt) of soil. The soil was put into 1 L plastic boxes which were closed with a transparent plastic lid with small holes for ventilation. Water holding capacity 50%. 4 worms per jar. Finely ground cattle manure was spread on the soil surface as food source. Food was renewed weekly. Experimental period 28 days. Dimethoate was not mixed into the soil but applied superficially in order to investigate the effect of different type of exposure.
Measurements/observations
- Acute toxicity test: Bbody weight, occurrence of external injuries, general behaviour (ex. burrowing).
- Reproduction toxicity test: Mortality, body weight development, cocoon production and numbers of hatched juveniles.
Evaluations
- Acute toxicity test: LC50 using the trimmed Spearman-Karber method (Hamilton et al., 1977)
- Reproduction toxicity test: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied results. Significant differences (P< /-0.05) between control and treatment were determined by Tukey's multiple t-test.
[ref. ID; 7048]
Test system
The impact of bioturbation on the distribution and availability of zinc in a soil profile
Strains
A. chlorotica (green morph) was collected from an agricultural grassland soil near Drachten, Friesland, the Netherlands.
Toxicants
Non-polluted soil and 10-year aged zinc spiked soil (approximately 500 mg/kg dry soil) were collected from an earlier semi-field experiment, carried out by Smit et al. (1997).
Test design
Soil columns (Perspex columns (n=24, diameter 10 cm, length 40 cm) with some small holes on top and bottom to allow air and water flow).
24 perspex columns were filled with non-polluted soil to a depth 20 cm, followed by a polluted layer of 3 cm and finally a 2 cm layer of non-pollted soil on top. In 12 columns, five eathworms with an average weight 140 mg (SD +/-20 mg; n=60) were introduced, the other 12 columns did not recieved. The columns were placed in a dark climate room at a temperature of approximately 14 degrees C. Sampling time 40, 80, and 175 days.
Measurements/observations
Number of individuals in 5 cm thick depth layers. Total zinc concentration of casts.
[ref. ID; 5997]
Test design
The heavy metal concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium in earthworms and soil from pasture near the Avonmouth smelter (Severnside near Bristol, England).
Samples
Soil and earthworms were taken from two sites. The first site was permanent pasture at Severnside, 4 km from the smelting works. The second site was an apple orchard at Long Ashton at a distance of 9.3 km from the smelter.
Sampling method
The formalin method (Raw, 1959) was used to extract the earthworms from the soil for population estimates and metal determinations. Each worm sample consisted of the number emerging in a 0.25 m2 quadrat and ten samples were taken at each site.
Measurements
Concentration of lead, zinc and cadmium in worms tissues were estimated by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
[ref. ID; 6850]
Test system
The use of acid insoluble residue as a marker fraction in the soil
Strains
Lumbricus terrestris, Allolobophora longa, Allolobophora caliginosa, Allolobophora chlorotica were collected from the soil in Rothamsted Park. Eisenia foetida was collected from cattle manure. Mature, clitellate individuals for experimental use.
Toxicants
Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb.
Soil sampling site; 4 soils (Frongoch, Ystwyth, Shipham, Broek Polder).
Test design
Groups of each species of earthworm were placed on separate subsamples of each soil. A ratio of approximately 5 g (live weight) Of earthworms to 600 g (air dry weight) of soil. Experimental period 15 days. Temperature 15 degrees C.
- Whole worm: Immediately after removal from the soil, earthworms were rinsed in distilled water, killed by oven drying at 85 degrees C to constant weight. These 'whole worm' samples comprised both earthworm tissue and soil within the alimentary canal.
- Dissected worm: Earthworms were dissected along the entire length of the alimentary canal which was rinsed free of soil with distilled water before being oven dried at 85 degrees C to constant weight.
- Starved worm: Earthworms were placed in clean petri dishes at 100% humidity (a few millilitres of distilled water) for 48 hr (transferred to clean petri dishes after the first 24 hr). All soil egested by the earthworms during the 48 hr period was collected, dried and analysed for acid insoluble residue. Earthworms which had been starved for 48 h were rinsed in distilled water, killed by oven drying at 85 degrees C to constant weight.
Measurements/observations
Heavy metals and AIR concentration in earthworm tissue.
[ref. ID; 5990]
Test design
The heavy metal concentrations of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc in earthworms and soil from the border of a road
Samples
Samples were collected in a meadow located at the border of a hairpin bend next to Osebe (U.T.M. 29TNH34) in the arterial road 550 and which bore traffic of about 10,000-15,000 vehicles a day.
Sampling method
Earthworms were collected from the soil by digging and handsorting.
Measurements
Concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn in soil and earthworm tissue.
[ref. ID; 5997]
Test design
The heavy metal concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium in earthworms and soil from pasture near the Avonmouth smelter (Severnside near Bristol, England).
Samples
Soil and earthworms were taken from two sites. The first site was permanent pasture at Severnside, 4 km from the smelting works. The second site was an apple orchard at Long Ashton at a distance of 9.3 km from the smelter.
Sampling method
The formalin method (Raw, 1959) was used to extract the earthworms from the soil for population estimates and metal determinations. Each worm sample consisted of the number emerging in a 0.25 m2 quadrat and ten samples were taken at each site.
Measurements
Concentration of lead, zinc and cadmium in worms tissues were estimated by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
[ref. ID; 7168]
Sampling site
The study area is centred on the town of Kosovska Mitrovica in northern Kosovo. This area was one of the main industrial sites in the former Yugoslavia and one of the most important mining districts in Europe. Industrial activities were concentrated mainly around the Zvecan Pb-Zn smelter located close to the town of K. Mitrovica. The zvecan smelter from 1939 to 2000 continously processed the ore extracted from the mines of the Trepca district.
Toxicants
As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn.
Samples
Mature (fully clitellate) individuals were collected by manual digging and hand-sorting. In each site the specimens were taken from three 1 m2 plots down to 20 cm depth.
Measurements
Heavy elements in worm and soil.
Evaluations
Bioaccumulation factor.
[ref. ID; 5997]
Test design
The heavy metal concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium in earthworms and soil from pasture near the Avonmouth smelter (Severnside near Bristol, England).
Samples
Soil and earthworms were taken from two sites. The first site was permanent pasture at Severnside, 4 km from the smelting works. The second site was an apple orchard at Long Ashton at a distance of 9.3 km from the smelter.
Sampling method
The formalin method (Raw, 1959) was used to extract the earthworms from the soil for population estimates and metal determinations. Each worm sample consisted of the number emerging in a 0.25 m2 quadrat and ten samples were taken at each site.
Measurements
Concentration of lead, zinc and cadmium in worms tissues were estimated by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
[ref. ID; 6104]
Test system
The bioconcentration of heavy metals in earthworm (metal uptake and loss experiment)
Sampling site
Earthworms were collected from two locations, Sites 2A and 4D, in a Mardin Channery silt loam (coarse, loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Fragiochrept). The site received anaerobically digested municipal sludge at the rate of 100-120 tons (dry) ha-1 annually (1975-1979). Another site (Plot C) was a Kendaia silt loam (fine-loamy, mixed non-acid mesic Aeric Haplaquept) that had not received any exogenous metal input.
Toxicants
Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn.
Measurements
Earthworm weight, metal concentration in worms.
[ref. ID; 7159]
Test system
Contact test (48 hr) and aritifical soil test (2 weeks)
Strains
Toxicants
Carbaryl, 1,2-Dichloropropane, Dimethyl phthalate, Fluorene, Nitrobenzene, N-nitrosodiphenylamine, 4-Nitrophenol, Phenol, 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol.
Test design
- Contact test: The glass vials used (Wheaton, 3 oz. snap cap) were 8 cm long and 3 cm in diameter. Strips of filter paper 12x6.7 cm (Whatman No.1) lined and completely covered the sides of the vial. One milliliter of water was added to the filter paper to provide enough moisture for earthworm survival. One adult earthworm was added per vial and the vials were kept on their side at 20 degrees C in a darkened incubator for 48 hr. At least five concentrations were evaluated in the definitive test, with 10 or more replicates used for each concentration tested.
- EEC aritifical soil test: The medium consists by weight of 10% finely ground sphagnum peat, 20% kaolinite clay, 69% fine sand and 1% pulverized calcium carbonate. pH 6.0+/-0.5. water content 35% of the dry wt of the four components. Ten adult earthworms were added to 400 g (dry wt) of the test mixture in covered glass dishes 6.5 cm high and 12.5 cm in diameter. The dishes were incubated at 20 degrees C and mortality was assessed after 2 weeks. This test had at least five chemical concentration and four control dishes, all containing 10 worms per dish.
Measurements/observations
Contact test & EEC aritifical soil test: Mortality.
Evaluations
- Contact test: LC50 using the method of Litchfield & Wilcoxon (1949). The LC50 values are reported as ug of test chemical cm-2 of filter paper.
- EEC aritifical soil test: LC50 using the method of Litchfield & Wilcoxon (1949). The LC50 values are reported as mg chemical/kg dry wt of artificial soil.
[ref. ID; 7163]
Test system
Contact test (2 day) and Soil test (14 day)
Strains
Toxicants
Carbaryl,
1,2-Dichloropropane,
Dimethyl phthalate,
Diphenylnitrosamine,
Fluorene,
Nitrobenzene,
4-Nitrophenol,
Phenol,
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol.
Test design
Standard protocols.
Measurements/observations
Mortality.
Evaluations
LC50 and Weibull function.